Pollution

IT was the industrial revolution about 1760 to some time between 1820 and 1840 that gave birth to environmental pollution, as we know it today. The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal and other fossil fuels gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste.‪What does pollution mean?‪It means: the introduction of harmful substances, particularly a contaminant or toxin, which produces some kind of harmful impact on the environment or living organisms

‪Pollution is: a demolition of the earth and it’s one of the greatest
problems that world is facing today. Environmental pollution is increasing with every passing year and causing grave and irreparable damage to the earth. Environmental pollution consists of five basic types of pollution, namely, air, water, soil, noise and light.But the major three types of pollution are air water and soil pollutionAir pollution is one of the main and  most harmful form of pollution because it ‪harms human health and the environment
‪Air pollution is caused by the injurious smoke emitted by cars, buses, trucks, trains, and factories, namely sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Chlorofluorocarbons released from refrigerators, air-conditioners, deodorants and insect repellents cause severe damage to the Earth’s environment.  This gas has slowly damaged and depleted the ozone layer leading to global warming.   Even smoke from burning leaves and cigarettes is harmful to the environment causing a lot of damage to man and the atmosphere.
Air pollution adversely affects humans by causing cardio-respiratory problems,  lung cancer, asthma, allergies, and various breathing problems along with severe and irreparable damage to flora and fauna. Even the most natural phenomenon of migratory birds has been hampered, with severe air pollution preventing them from reaching their seasonal destinations of centuries. The second major type of pollution is:Water Pollution change in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water which has a harmful effect on living things and It take place in various water sources, like ponds, lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.One of the most noted causes of water pollution is industrial waste products released into lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, which has made marine life no longer hospitable. Humans pollute water with large scale disposal of garbage and other household waste. , making it incredibly filthy. Acid rain further adds to water pollution. In addition to these, thermal pollution and the depletion of dissolved oxygen aggravate the already worsened condition of the water bodies. Water pollution can also indirectly occur as an offshoot of soil pollution – through surface runoff and leaching to groundwaterSoil pollution is the third major type of pollutionwhich can also be called soil contamination. The pollution of soil is the result of the presence of contaminants, including toxic compounds, radioactive materials and other foreign and harmful chemicals, in the soil. As a result, the soil loses its structure and chemical (content of oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) and biological (e.g. ability to support life) properties. Some of the common soil pollutants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals (e.g. cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, zinc, mercury and arsenic), herbicides, pesticides, oils, tars, polychlorinated Biphenyl dioxins, and fertilizers etc. which leads to bad crops. Even acid rain which is a result of air Pollution and polluted water as a result of Water Pollution,. Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage, which releases heavy contaminants into the soil ‪The pollution is the problem that affects our life and future. That's why the world is searching for solutions. ‪Experts say that proper handling of waste materials, such as reusing or disposing of them properly, should constitute an important part of the efforts to preserve and protect the environment.
‪Countries worldwide should use less coal and more reusable power like hydro or solar power. We should recycle everything we can from newspapers, cans, glass bottles and jars, aluminum foil, motor oil, to scrap metals and reuse what we would easily throw away and conserve for a future, and reduce the over consumption of natural resources and emission of carbon into atmosphere from vehicles.‪Another method is to reuse the spent natural resources and materials manufactured with trees/plants for their conservation. To reduce the demand of the resources, reuse all recycled materials.‪ We should try to control the industrial developmental projects that cause water pollution and also the activities which catalysis global warming and climate changes. We should reduce deforestation for developmental activities and consumption of non-biodegradable materials. We should decrease the activities causing pollution of water bodies, air, forests, and soil.
Our earth is increasingly getting contaminated and polluted! And there is no one else to blame, but us. 796 words.

History of Railways

History of Railways

1.Early history

   The invention of the railway started in the 16^th century. The road of the rail was called a wagonway; it was called a wagonway, because of the horses, which pulled wagons on the rails, and it was the start of modern railroads. After two centuries of inventing the wagonways the wood in wheels and in the rails had been replaced by iron because it can last longer than wood. In 1789, William Jessup from England designed the flanged wheels for the first wagons which were grooved and had better grip on the rail.

Steam engines made a great jump to the invention of the modern railroad and trains. There was a man called Samuel Homfray in the 19^th century who wanted to change and replace the horse-drawn carts by a steam-powered vehicle, but he didn’t build it. After him came Richard Trevithick and he built the first steam-powered vehicle. The first trip for it was on 22^nd  February 1804; it  took nearly two hours between Darron in the town of  Merthyr Tydfil in Wales to the bottom of the valley, which is called Abercynnon. It pulled a load of 10 tons of iron at a distance of nearly 9 miles carrying 70 men and five extra wagons.

2.Development

Using Railways is not a new thought because the idea of  "tracked" roads is at least 2000 years old; quarries in Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire used cut stone tracks to haul loads pulled by animals, as the Greek did for transporting ships overland. Then man started to use wagons, with man or horse power, and track guides made of stone or wood. Historians do not agree upon the exact origins of rail transport; some look upon early conveyances that involved some sort of wheeled device mounted on a system of wood rails as the forerunner to modern rail transport; others tend to consider the real history of rail transport as beginning with the development of the steam engine. With the steam engine came the idea of creating a conveyance that would move by using steam pressure to turn the wheels on the device. In order for this type of railway transport to function, metal tracks were laid down and connected with heavy wood ties on the underside of the track. The ties kept the two rails in proper alignment and helped to make the locomotive more stable when moving along the track system.

3.Present

Created in the late 18th century, the steam engine was a major factor in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. Over time, railcar transportation became exceedingly popular for not only the transport of livestock and goods, but also for the transport of humans. Railcar transport continued to evolve during the first half of the 20th century. Further refinements allowed the steam engine to handle the transportation of goods and people. Railways were improved with the implementation of electrical transmission to augment the steam locomotive, while the creation of diesel locomotion after World War II helped rail transport to remain a viable option, for the transport of people and manufactured goods. While there were those who predicted the demise of rail transport, this form of transportation continues to operate. In recent years, major railways have found ways to compete with other forms of ground transportation and light rail transit. Trams appeared as a public transport using a steel-tracked fixed guide way that operates primarily along an exclusive right of way and has vehicles capable of operating as single or as multiple units. LRT, providing a swift conveyance to and from a limited number of locations has also proven to be a viable alternative to flying or driving in some cases.

Present time

Created in the late 18th century, the steam engine was a major factor in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. Over time, railcar transportation became exceedingly popular for not only the transport of livestock and goods, but also for the transport of humans. Railcar transport continued to evolve during the first half of the 20th century. Further refinements allowed the steam engine to handle the transportation of goods and people. Railways were improved with the implementation of electrical transmission to augment the steam locomotive,while the creation of diesel locomotion after World War II helped rail transport to remain a viable option, for the transport of people and manufactured goods. While there were those who predicted the demise of rail transport, this form of transportation continues to operate. In recent years, major railways have found ways to compete with other forms of ground transportation and light rail transit. Trams appeared as a public transport using a steel-tracked fixed guide way that operates primarily along an exclusive right of way and has vehicles capable of operating as single or as multiple units. LRT, providing a swift conveyance to and from a limited number of locations has also proven to be a viable alternative to flying or driving in some cases.

210 words.

Development

Using Railways is not a new thought because the idea of  "tracked" roads is at least 2000 years old; quarries in Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire used cut stone tracks to haul loads pulled by animals, as the Greek did for transporting ships overland. Then man started to use wagons, with man or horse power, and track guides made of stone or wood. Historians do not agree upon the exact origins of rail transport; some look upon early conveyances that involved some sort of wheeled device mounted on a system of wood rails as the forerunner to modern rail transport; others tend to consider the real history of rail transport as beginning with the development of the steam engine. With the steam engine came the idea of creating a conveyance that would move by using steam pressure to turn the wheels on the device. In order for this type of railway transport to function, metal tracks were laid down and connected with heavy wood ties on the underside of the track. The ties kept the two rails in proper alignment and helped to make the locomotive more stable when moving along the track system.

195 words.